Instructional model and Assure model in ICT by Jenifer Caroline
INSTRUCTIONAL MODEL
“Instructional Models are guidelines or sets of strategies on which the approaches to teaching by instructors are based. Effective instructional models are based on learning theories. Learning Theories describe the ways that theorists believe people learn new ideas and concepts. Often, they explain the relationship between information we already know and the new information we are trying to learn.”
PURPOSE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MODEL
An instructional design model provides guidelines to organize appropriate pedagogical scenarios to achieve instructional goals. Instructional design can be defined as the practice of creating instructional experiences to help facilitate learning most effectively.
structional design is learner-centered: Learner and his/her performance are the focal points.
Instructional design is goal-oriented: Well-defined goals are essential.
Instructional design focuses on real-world performance. Help learners perform the behaviors that will be expected of them in the real world.
Instructional design focuses on outcomes that can be measured in a reliable and valid way. Creating valid and reliable measurement instruments is essential.
Instructional design is empirical. Data are the heart of the process.
Instructional design typically is a team effort. This process usually involves teamwork.

BEST INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODEL
1. Situated Cognition Theory
The Situated Cognition Theory was first published in 1989, but its principles are still just as applicable today. Essentially, the theory is based on the concept that you cannot separate knowing from doing. It also stresses how important it is for people to apply the things they learn within a clear context. It also stipulates that learning is a social endeavor that gives people the opportunity to expand their knowledge through discussions and group problem-solving tasks.
2. Sociocultural Learning Theory
The original work detailing the Sociocultural Learning Theory was written in the early 1930s. Due to political turmoil under Stalin and translation issues, it took a long time for it to become widely known. The theory revolves around three critical elements. These are culture, language, and the zone of proximal development. It suggests that our environment plays a crucial part in a learner's development. For example, peers have the power to influence how a learner thinks or feels about a particular subject.
3. The ADDIE Model
This acronym stands for Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate. The ADDIE model was first designed in the 1975 by the U.S. Army by the Centre for Educational Technology at Florida State University. It is comprised of the five factors listed above, which helps Instructional Design professionals tackle eLearning projects in stages. ADDIE tackles eLearning development rather than learning behaviors. It allows Instructional Designers to delve into the needs, learning objectives, and desired outcomes so as to create more personalized eLearning resources.
4. Merrill's Principles Of Instruction
Merill's theory is based on the different ways that learning can be facilitated. Each phase in the learning process has an important role to play. There are four core phases of learning: demonstration, activation of previous knowledge, application, integration into real world challenges. The approach is task-centered. This theory also involves "scaffolding", whereby learners are gradually introduced to more complex ideas and concepts as the lesson progresses.
5. Individualized Instruction
As the name implies, the Individualized Instruction Theory revolves around the individual and how they learn. If you are learning something and catch on quickly, you can keep going. However, if you are not connecting with the material, the theory allows you to go at your own pace. It also accounts for learners who respond better to different learning preferences.
Individualized Instruction centers on 4 key principles:
Learners should be able to complete the work autonomously. As a result, they have the opportunity to focus on their own strengths and areas for improvement.
Each lesson should be followed by an assessment to gauge learner progress.
Written learning materials are preferred over presentations.
Facilitators support learners and add a level of social interactivity to the experience.
6. Bloom’s Taxonomy Of Learning Objectives
This well-known theory was first developed in the 1950s. While some contemporary theories focused on pure memorization of facts, Bloom focused on the cognitive domain. This portion of the theory moves up a hierarchy of processes starting at the most basic. These specific processes include: Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analyzing, Evaluating, and Creating. The committee which was overseen by Bloom also stipulated that there are 3 essential domains to consider: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor.
7. The SAM Model
This Instructional Design model allows the Instructional Designer to make changes by performing small steps and multiple iterations. You begin with the short Preparation Phase, where information on the eLearning project is gathered. Then you move to the Iterative Design and Iterative Development where the design is created and reviewed. This process allows for more flexible designs with rapid changes as the eLearning project moves forward.
ASSURE MODEL
The ASSURE model is an instructional system or guideline that teachers can use to develop lesson plans which integrate the use of technology and media. The ASSURE Model places the focus on the learner and the overall outcome of accomplishing learning objectives. The ASSURE model is an enriched evolution of the ADDIE general model. Although the ASSURE model has six steps, which do not exactly correspond to ADDIE’s five, ASSURE also presents design phases, and shares with it the two main features: the initial focus on analysis and the cyclic structure.
ASSURE model is a procedural guide for planning and delivering instructions that integrates technology and media into the teaching process. It also refers to a systematic approach of writing lesson plans that helps teachers in organizing instructional procedures.
A: Analyze learners.
Identify your learners’ expectations, goals, preferences, and needs, so that you can create a blended learning strategy that offers them real world benefits.
S: State goals and objectives.
Determine the objectives for your blended learning course, including performance goals. These goals and objectives should clearly state what the learner will be able to do once they complete the class.
S: Select methods and media.
Choose online learning content, multimedia, both online and classroom exercises and materials that will serve your training goals and objectives. This may also pertain to modifying current training content in order to meet the changing needs of your audience.
U: Utilize media and technology.
After choosing the online training content and materials, eLearning professionals must then decide how they are going to utilize these tech tools and online resources most effectively.
R: Require learner participation.
Determine how you can engage learners to encourage them to actively participate in the blended training experience.
E: Evaluate and revise the blended learning strategy.
All eLearning strategies are a work in progress, due to the fact that technology and learner needs are always evolving. Thus, the final step in the ASSURE model is to evaluate and revise your blended learning strategy to ensure that it is as beneficial as possible.
CONCLUSION
Instructional Design is the systematic analysis, planning, implementation and evaluation of earning environments and learning materials. The model of most renown is ADDIE, a systematic waterfall model. There are still books – especially on the American market – that claim ADDIE to be the non plus future
Integrating technology into the curriculum is the best way to make a positive difference in education. There are many specific strategies that can be used to incorporate technology into our lesson. The ASSURE model can be used as a guide to integrate technology into your future.
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